of | |
after | |
behind | |
back | |
fright | |
hardly | |
hard | |
eight | |
eighty | |
river | |
to beg for | |
property | |
horse | |
alone | |
eleven | |
one | |
(+ ni) no one | |
soon | |
to be a messenger | |
earth | |
earthly | |
astray | |
oath | |
or | |
eternal | |
time | |
but | |
fruit | |
field | |
to grow | |
except | |
elsewhere | |
elsewhere | |
other | |
all | |
old | |
onto | |
on | |
command | |
(+acc) to call on | |
hidden | |
visible | |
to comfort | |
along | |
answer | |
pleasant | |
adversary | |
service | |
end | |
to answer | |
either (used with aíththáu) | |
gracious | |
favor | |
work | |
heritage | |
to plough/plow | |
arm | |
poor | |
harvest | |
servant | |
branch | |
at | |
but | |
to call | |
to touch | |
blessed | |
to show | |
but also | |
to add | |
jug | |
wilderness | |
desert | |
to thank | |
bed | |
tree | |
to bear | |
to hide | |
bright | |
bitterly | |
bitter | |
bag | |
to torment | |
sign | |
bosom | |
child | |
childish | |
to dwell | |
son | |
to await | |
by | |
request | |
to ask | |
to remain | |
to offer | |
blind | |
blood | |
(sing) letter of the alphabet; (pl) book | |
scribe | |
advantage | |
to bring | |
to break | |
to burn | |
to use | |
useful | |
bridegroom | |
to buy | |
day | |
to deal out | |
portion | |
down | |
below | |
baptism | |
door | |
to put to death | |
deed | |
deep | |
wild beast | |
to die | |
to judge (+ optional double accusative) | |
to drive | |
to drive | |
to drink | |
fall | |
to | |
to be foolish | |
foolish | |
that | |
iron | |
family | |
to rejoice | |
beautiful | |
to seize | |
joy | |
mountain | |
old | |
from afar | |
to fold | |
traffic | |
to fare | |
fasting | |
for | |
before | |
before | |
ruler | |
to fear | |
small | |
region | |
four | |
forty | |
fourteen | |
hatred | |
to hide | |
great | |
five | |
fifty | |
fifteen | |
to find | |
to fish | |
fish | |
to feed | |
to sell | |
to ask | |
to tempt | |
temptation | |
seed | |
to despise | |
to lose | |
loss | |
from | |
to expend | |
understanding | |
to understand | |
to be lord or king | |
free | |
love | |
to love | |
friend | |
wise | |
bird | |
hidden | |
perfect | |
to fill | |
to become full | |
full | |
birth | |
to bind | |
well-behaved | |
to go | |
to cleanse | |
thought | |
want | |
to be fain or willing | |
test | |
faith | |
to believe | |
to liken | |
like | |
common | |
to meet | |
rememberance | |
assembly | |
righteous | |
consultation | |
marketplace | |
creation | |
to possess | |
guest | |
to tame | |
destruction | |
to suffer want | |
to cherish | |
to perceive | |
to lament | |
sad | |
peace | |
to make | |
to visit | |
region | |
willing | |
gift | |
to give | |
tomorrow | |
to greet | |
good | |
ditch | |
grass | |
hungry | |
to weep | |
den | |
gold | |
golden | |
Gothic language | |
to hang | |
to strive | |
fight | |
to heal | |
whole | |
village | |
shepherd | |
to call | |
field | |
order | |
to hold | |
hell | |
clever | |
army | |
to be angry | |
head | |
door | |
horn | |
to hear | |
hay | |
to praise | |
here | |
hither | |
to help | |
heaven | |
behind | |
this (acc. hina | |
loaf | |
grave | |
pure | |
to treat with violence | |
clean | |
to hunger (impers. +acc of person) | |
gracious | |
dog | |
hip | |
treasure | |
whether (clitic) | |
whither | |
wheat | |
how | |
(interr) when? | |
where | |
to go about | |
who | |
(indefinite) each | |
who | |
(indefinite | |
which of two | |
each of two | |
whence | |
(indef) each | |
(interr) with what | |
time | |
white | |
(interr) how great | |
what sort of | |
to boast | |
lest | |
even | |
(preterite of gaggan) I went | |
to repent | |
(poss) of you two | |
I | |
I who... (relative) | |
I am | |
in | |
on account of | |
in | |
within | |
within | |
from within | |
without | |
he | |
thou art | |
is | |
it | |
to eat | |
but | |
upwards | |
above | |
(rel) who | |
(poss) your | |
yea | |
if | |
and | |
= ja | |
= jáind | |
yonder | |
thither | |
and if | |
year | |
already | |
young | |
yoke | |
ye | |
ye two | |
ye two who (relative) | |
already | |
ye who (relative) | |
cold | |
care | |
prison | |
to care for | |
to buffet | |
to traffic | |
grain | |
to choose | |
knee | |
to kiss | |
knowledge | |
known | |
long | |
to lay | |
remnant | |
teacher | |
doctrine | |
to teach (+acc of person taught and +acc of thing taught) | |
to follow | |
footprint | |
lamb | |
weak | |
to invite | |
slothful | |
leaf | |
pay | |
empty | |
to lend | |
body | |
to go | |
little | |
physician | |
to let | |
occasion | |
to live | |
to lie | |
bed | |
craftiness | |
to grow | |
dear | |
face | |
to desire | |
maid | |
mighty | |
possible | |
to cut | |
gift | |
much | |
mankind | |
(with ni) no one | |
to eat | |
meat | |
morning | |
murder | |
maiden | |
my | |
to write | |
middle | |
greatly | |
greatness | |
great | |
(always with pers. pron.) reciprocally | |
with | |
with | |
to consider | |
angry | |
custom | |
toll-taker | |
dust | |
thought | |
to name | |
salvation | |
to save | |
net | |
to make wet | |
corpse | |
need | |
nay | |
nigh to | |
needle | |
not | |
unless | |
rust | |
and not | |
to take | |
= ni ist | |
kinsman | |
new | |
nine | |
ninety | |
to enjoy | |
now | |
to fear | |
wife | |
to come | |
saying | |
to say | |
alive | |
advent | |
counsellor | |
right | |
to raise | |
mile | |
language | |
house | |
rule | |
to rule | |
darkness | |
dark | |
to speak | |
secret | |
this | |
(relative) who | |
song | |
that | |
to sow | |
six | |
sixty | |
to see | |
soul | |
sea | |
to anoint | |
salt | |
to the same place | |
full | |
to set | |
sickness | |
sorrow | |
sacrifice | |
his | |
good | |
she | |
seven | |
seventy | |
to practice | |
to rejoice | |
to sing | |
oneself | |
wonderful | |
silver | |
once | |
old | |
always | |
daily | |
pupil | |
to sit | |
seat | |
to sew | |
to be sick | |
sick | |
sight | |
to divide | |
servant | |
beautiful | |
to shine | |
clear | |
ship | |
owing | |
slaughter | |
to sleep | |
small | |
snow | |
wise | |
the (f.) | |
that | |
to seek | |
search | |
to narrate | |
quickly | |
stone | |
to stand | |
place | |
judgement | |
voice | |
to judge | |
to strew | |
stroke | |
(indefinite) someone | |
truth | |
truly | |
true | |
to justify | |
as soon as | |
sweet | |
so that | |
so great | |
such | |
black | |
just like | |
like | |
to cease | |
honored | |
to pipe | |
manifest | |
strong | |
to sigh | |
hair | |
tear | |
ten | |
hundred | |
hundred | |
token | |
deed | |
to do | |
to touch | |
whither | |
to think | |
through | |
but | |
if | |
therefore | |
there | |
(relative) where | |
that | |
that | |
that | |
to need | |
need | |
to thrive | |
thy | |
theft | |
people | |
kingdom | |
king | |
servant | |
maidservant | |
flight | |
to flee | |
to run | |
three | |
thirty | |
for the third time | |
thou | |
to seem | |
thousand | |
to wash | |
-ty (suffix for decades 20-60) | |
fit | |
to build | |
to lead | |
tree | |
of two | |
two | |
twenty | |
twelve | |
(interrogative particle | |
evil | |
evil-doing | |
under | |
over | |
superscription | |
to forget | |
to submit | |
of us two | |
(enclitic) but | |
unto | |
for | |
under | |
under | |
unknown | |
our | |
lawless | |
until | |
unlearned | |
out | |
(+acc) to choose out | |
outside | |
pledge | |
to blow | |
man | |
to throw | |
to become | |
worthy | |
to wake | |
power | |
to choose | |
belly | |
to turn | |
lacking | |
to forbid | |
to clothe | |
clothing | |
word | |
to work | |
serpent | |
work | |
root | |
to fight | |
holy | |
wine | |
we | |
we who (relative) | |
to hope | |
hope | |
way | |
wild | |
wind | |
to be | |
we two | |
we two who (relative) | |
against | |
contrariwise | |
opposite | |
accusation | |
wolf | |
wound |
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Although the definite article functions as the usual demonstrative pronoun, there is attested a pronoun whose stem is
There is a compound demonstrative pronoun, formed from
In addition to the genitives of the personal pronouns, there are also posessive pronouns:
Only when referring to the subject of the sentence do forms of
The corpus of Gothic texts frequently uses posessive pronouns with the definite article, a construction reminiscent of, and perhaps influenced by, Greek,
for example
Class II weak verbs are distinctive in having their infinitive in
I anoint | |
thou anoint | |
he/she/it anoints | |
we two anoint | |
you two anoint | |
we anoint | |
you (pl) anoint | |
they anoint |
The preterite forms are
Quite a few verbs belong to this conjugation:
to beg for | |
to be messenger | |
to thank | |
to be foolish, mad | |
to rejoice | |
to fish | |
to be ruler | |
to love | |
to liken | |
to lament | |
to visit | |
to hate | |
to treat violently | |
to go about | |
to repent | |
to care for | |
to traffic | |
to invite | |
to desire | |
to consider | |
to rule | |
to practice | |
to serve | |
to narrate, tell | |
to justify | |
to pipe | |
to forget |
and several more.
Imperatives are formed differently in strong vs. weak verbs. Strong verbs such as
These and other persons and numbers of imperatives for these verbs are as follows:
Weak | Strong | |||||
Sing. | ||||||
2nd | seek thou | | | | ||
3rd | may s/he seek | | | | ||
Dual | ||||||
2nd | seek ye two | | | | ||
Pl. | ||||||
1st | let's seek | | | | ||
2nd | seek ye | | | | ||
3rd | may they seek | | | |
By appending
The sound changes for appending
Masc. | |||
Nom. | |||
Acc. | |||
Gen. | |||
Dat. | |||
Fem. | |||
Nom. | |||
Acc. | |||
Gen. | |||
Dat. | |||
Neu. | |||
Nom. | |||
Acc. | |||
Gen. | |||
Dat. |
Note the irregular form
The combinations
Another indefinite pronoun is
Singular | |
Acc. | |
Dat. | |
Plural | |
Nom. | |
Acc. | |
Gen. | |
Dat. |
Indefinite pronouns used for negation are built from
Masc. | |
Nom. | |
Acc. | |
Gen. | |
Dat. | |
Fem. | |
Nom.Acc. | |
Gen. | |
Dat. | |
Neut. | |
Nom.Acc. | |
Gen. | |
Dat. | |
Besides forming the direct object of the majority of transitive verbs, the accusative has a few other uses:
The verb
Thank you for helping me. (lit. I give thanks to you since you helped me) | |
Thank you for all you've done for me. | |
In all things give thanks. (2nd person plural imperative.) | |
We will thank him for you. | |
Thank goodness I can learn Gothic. ( | |
Give her our thanks (lit. give thanks to her for us; 2nd singular imperative). |
1. | Give us this day our daily bread. |
2. | Teach them many wonderful things. |
3. | He is inviting us two over to his house to eat. |
4. | Whosoever compels you to go a mile, go with him two. |
5. | He was bound as to hands and feet, but he rejoiced when they let him go. |
6. |
7. |
8. |
9. |
10. |
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